Ontology_forpub
Eleanor Schille-Hudson
2025-07-30
Set up
Data Wrangling
Participant Demographics
## ont_ctry_name
## Ecuador_Amazon Ghana Peru_Amazon US
## 20 70 40 49## ont_version
## ont_ctry_name 1 2
## Ecuador_Amazon 10 10
## Ghana 35 35
## Peru_Amazon 21 19
## US 21 28## ont_sex
## ont_ctry_name . 1 2
## Ecuador_Amazon 0 9 11
## Ghana 0 32 38
## Peru_Amazon 0 25 15
## US 1 26 22## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_ethn) Ecuador_Amazon Ghana
## . 0 1
## a little bit of everything / caucasian/ puerto rican 0 0
## ahanta 0 1
## akan- fante 0 1
## american - hispanic / anglo 0 0
## asante/akan 0 1
## asian 0 0
## asian + caucasian 0 0
## black 0 0
## black + puerto rican 0 0
## caucasian 0 0
## denkyiranyi (asante) 0 1
## earth inn 0 0
## east indian 0 0
## ekuapim 0 1
## fante 0 49
## fante (akromah) 0 1
## fante (amosima) 0 1
## fante (brenu) 0 1
## fante (new ebu) 0 2
## fante (otum in central region) 0 1
## fantenyi 0 2
## fanti 0 1
## fanti (cape-coast) 0 1
## fanti (egyankwa) 0 1
## fanti (yamoransa) 0 1
## fanti(ahanta) 0 1
## hispanic 0 0
## hispanic / caucasian 0 0
## hispanic / native american 0 0
## i am a fante. 0 1
## irish 0 0
## irish/scottish/caucasian 0 0
## italian 0 0
## italian/american 0 0
## kichua 1 0
## mexican american 0 0
## mexican/italian 0 0
## mut 0 0
## n. european 0 0
## northner 0 1
## persian 0 0
## portuguese 0 0
## salvadorian 0 0
## scandanavian 0 0
## scottish / english 0 0
## shipibo 0 0
## waorani 13 0
## waorani and kichua 6 0
## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_ethn) Peru_Amazon US
## . 0 2
## a little bit of everything / caucasian/ puerto rican 0 1
## ahanta 0 0
## akan- fante 0 0
## american - hispanic / anglo 0 1
## asante/akan 0 0
## asian 0 1
## asian + caucasian 0 1
## black 0 2
## black + puerto rican 0 1
## caucasian 0 22
## denkyiranyi (asante) 0 0
## earth inn 0 1
## east indian 0 1
## ekuapim 0 0
## fante 0 0
## fante (akromah) 0 0
## fante (amosima) 0 0
## fante (brenu) 0 0
## fante (new ebu) 0 0
## fante (otum in central region) 0 0
## fantenyi 0 0
## fanti 0 0
## fanti (cape-coast) 0 0
## fanti (egyankwa) 0 0
## fanti (yamoransa) 0 0
## fanti(ahanta) 0 0
## hispanic 0 1
## hispanic / caucasian 0 1
## hispanic / native american 0 1
## i am a fante. 0 0
## irish 0 1
## irish/scottish/caucasian 0 1
## italian 0 1
## italian/american 0 1
## kichua 0 0
## mexican american 0 1
## mexican/italian 0 1
## mut 0 1
## n. european 0 1
## northner 0 0
## persian 0 1
## portuguese 0 1
## salvadorian 0 1
## scandanavian 0 1
## scottish / english 0 1
## shipibo 40 0
## waorani 0 0
## waorani and kichua 0 0## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_hied) Ecuador_Amazon Ghana Peru_Amazon
## . 1 1 0
## 0 0 1 0
## 10th grade 2 0 0
## 11th grade 5 0 0
## 12th grade 9 0 0
## 1st yr college 0 0 0
## 3 yrs college 0 0 0
## 8th grade 1 0 0
## 9th grade 1 0 0
## abakrampa senior high school 0 1 0
## abakrampa senior technical 0 1 0
## abk senior high 0 1 0
## associate 0 0 0
## associate's 0 0 0
## ba 1 0 0
## ba + teaching 0 0 0
## bacelors 0 0 0
## bachelor of science 0 0 0
## bachelor's 0 0 0
## bachelors 0 0 0
## brenu methodist school 0 1 0
## bs 0 0 0
## college 0 0 0
## college grad 0 0 0
## did not complete junior high school 0 1 0
## doctorate 0 0 0
## elementary 0 1 0
## form 4 0 3 0
## form 4 (junior secondary school) 0 1 0
## ged 0 0 0
## grad levels 0 0 0
## grad school 0 0 0
## graduate 0 0 0
## graduated college 0 0 0
## have not yet completed junior high school 0 1 0
## high school 0 0 0
## high school / some college 0 0 0
## high school some trade school 0 0 0
## hs 0 0 0
## hs graduate 0 0 0
## i have finished tertiary 0 1 0
## j.h.s (junior high school) 0 1 0
## jackson college of education 0 1 0
## jhs 0 1 0
## junior college 0 0 0
## junior high 0 0 0
## junior high school 0 11 0
## junior high school graduate 0 2 0
## masters 0 0 0
## mba 0 0 0
## methodist jhs 0 4 0
## methodist senior high (new ebu) 0 1 0
## methodists junior and senior high (new ebu) 0 1 0
## methodists junior secondary school, class 6 0 1 0
## methodists primary 0 1 0
## middle school 0 1 0
## new ebu da jhs 0 1 0
## new ebu methodist middle school (1971) 0 1 0
## nursing training 0 1 0
## post-grad 0 0 0
## primary 0 1 0
## roman catholic girls 0 1 0
## s.h.s 0 1 0
## secondary school 0 1 0
## self- hs 0 0 0
## seminary school 0 1 0
## senior high schol 0 1 0
## senior high school 0 5 0
## senior high school graduate 0 3 0
## shs 0 3 0
## shs- technical school 0 1 0
## sm college 0 0 0
## some college 0 0 0
## stan 7 0 1 0
## takoradi senior secondary school 0 1 0
## uneducated 0 5 0
## uneducated, did not attend school 0 1 0
## university of cape coast 0 2 0
## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_hied) US
## . 1
## 0 0
## 10th grade 0
## 11th grade 0
## 12th grade 0
## 1st yr college 1
## 3 yrs college 1
## 8th grade 0
## 9th grade 0
## abakrampa senior high school 0
## abakrampa senior technical 0
## abk senior high 0
## associate 1
## associate's 2
## ba 3
## ba + teaching 1
## bacelors 1
## bachelor of science 1
## bachelor's 2
## bachelors 3
## brenu methodist school 0
## bs 3
## college 3
## college grad 1
## did not complete junior high school 0
## doctorate 1
## elementary 0
## form 4 0
## form 4 (junior secondary school) 0
## ged 2
## grad levels 1
## grad school 1
## graduate 1
## graduated college 1
## have not yet completed junior high school 0
## high school 1
## high school / some college 1
## high school some trade school 1
## hs 2
## hs graduate 1
## i have finished tertiary 0
## j.h.s (junior high school) 0
## jackson college of education 0
## jhs 0
## junior college 1
## junior high 1
## junior high school 0
## junior high school graduate 0
## masters 2
## mba 1
## methodist jhs 0
## methodist senior high (new ebu) 0
## methodists junior and senior high (new ebu) 0
## methodists junior secondary school, class 6 0
## methodists primary 0
## middle school 0
## new ebu da jhs 0
## new ebu methodist middle school (1971) 0
## nursing training 0
## post-grad 1
## primary 0
## roman catholic girls 0
## s.h.s 0
## secondary school 0
## self- hs 1
## seminary school 0
## senior high schol 0
## senior high school 0
## senior high school graduate 0
## shs 0
## shs- technical school 0
## sm college 1
## some college 4
## stan 7 0
## takoradi senior secondary school 0
## uneducated 0
## uneducated, did not attend school 0
## university of cape coast 0## as.numeric(ont_imgd)
## ont_ctry_name -2 -1 0 1 2
## Ecuador_Amazon 6 1 10 2 0
## Ghana 0 1 0 13 56
## Peru_Amazon 0 0 3 2 34
## US 15 9 5 5 13## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_chfq) Ecuador_Amazon
## . 0
## 0 15
## 1x/week 0
## 2 times a week. 0
## 2 times in a week 0
## 2x/week 0
## 3 times a month 0
## 3 times a week 0
## 3 times in a week 0
## 3 to 4 times a year 0
## 4 times a month 0
## 4 times a week 0
## 4 times in a week 0
## 4,6, 8 times a month 0
## 5 times a week 0
## 5, 6 to 7 times a year 0
## 7 times a week 0
## 8 times a month 0
## a few times in a year 0
## a lot of times 0
## abundant life 0
## cathedral of faith, jubilee church on the hill, catholic churches 0
## catholic 0
## every day 0
## every saturday 0
## every sunday 0
## every sunday, once a week 0
## every week 0
## everyday 0
## everyday in new eden 0
## fante comment 0
## from time to time 0
## i don't usually go 0
## i don't usually go. 0
## i go to jesus divine temple. people popularly call it mountain. 0
## infrequent 3
## infrequent but used to preach a few years ago 1
## it's been long 0
## like five times in a year 0
## lutheran prince of peace 0
## many times 0
## many times. 0
## many times. every week unless i can't and then i rest. 0
## mdata 0
## n/a 0
## na 0
## not always but i go 3 times a week 0
## not anymore 0
## not often 0
## now i don't go to church. 0
## often 0
## once a month 0
## once a month or two months 0
## once a week 0
## once a year 0
## once every 2 years 0
## once every week 0
## once every weekend 1
## once in a week 0
## once in every 2 months 0
## once in every 2 years 0
## sunday weekly 0
## three times 0
## three times in a week. 0
## thrice in a week 0
## twice a week 0
## twice in every week 0
## twice in every week. 0
## two times a week 0
## very often 0
## very often. every sunday 0
## virtually every sunday 0
## weekly 0
## weekly catholic 0
## when i am in school, i go to church every day 0
## yes, once a month 0
## you don't go at all. 0
## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_chfq) Ghana
## . 1
## 0 0
## 1x/week 0
## 2 times a week. 0
## 2 times in a week 1
## 2x/week 0
## 3 times a month 0
## 3 times a week 3
## 3 times in a week 1
## 3 to 4 times a year 0
## 4 times a month 1
## 4 times a week 2
## 4 times in a week 1
## 4,6, 8 times a month 0
## 5 times a week 2
## 5, 6 to 7 times a year 0
## 7 times a week 1
## 8 times a month 0
## a few times in a year 1
## a lot of times 1
## abundant life 0
## cathedral of faith, jubilee church on the hill, catholic churches 0
## catholic 0
## every day 1
## every saturday 1
## every sunday 8
## every sunday, once a week 1
## every week 2
## everyday 3
## everyday in new eden 0
## fante comment 3
## from time to time 0
## i don't usually go 2
## i don't usually go. 1
## i go to jesus divine temple. people popularly call it mountain. 1
## infrequent 0
## infrequent but used to preach a few years ago 0
## it's been long 1
## like five times in a year 1
## lutheran prince of peace 0
## many times 1
## many times. 1
## many times. every week unless i can't and then i rest. 1
## mdata 0
## n/a 0
## na 0
## not always but i go 3 times a week 0
## not anymore 0
## not often 0
## now i don't go to church. 1
## often 3
## once a month 0
## once a month or two months 1
## once a week 0
## once a year 0
## once every 2 years 1
## once every week 1
## once every weekend 0
## once in a week 1
## once in every 2 months 1
## once in every 2 years 1
## sunday weekly 1
## three times 1
## three times in a week. 1
## thrice in a week 1
## twice a week 1
## twice in every week 1
## twice in every week. 1
## two times a week 1
## very often 3
## very often. every sunday 1
## virtually every sunday 1
## weekly 2
## weekly catholic 0
## when i am in school, i go to church every day 1
## yes, once a month 0
## you don't go at all. 1
## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_chfq) Peru_Amazon
## . 1
## 0 1
## 1x/week 0
## 2 times a week. 1
## 2 times in a week 0
## 2x/week 0
## 3 times a month 1
## 3 times a week 2
## 3 times in a week 0
## 3 to 4 times a year 1
## 4 times a month 1
## 4 times a week 15
## 4 times in a week 0
## 4,6, 8 times a month 1
## 5 times a week 1
## 5, 6 to 7 times a year 1
## 7 times a week 0
## 8 times a month 1
## a few times in a year 0
## a lot of times 0
## abundant life 0
## cathedral of faith, jubilee church on the hill, catholic churches 0
## catholic 0
## every day 0
## every saturday 0
## every sunday 0
## every sunday, once a week 0
## every week 0
## everyday 0
## everyday in new eden 1
## fante comment 0
## from time to time 2
## i don't usually go 0
## i don't usually go. 0
## i go to jesus divine temple. people popularly call it mountain. 0
## infrequent 0
## infrequent but used to preach a few years ago 0
## it's been long 0
## like five times in a year 0
## lutheran prince of peace 0
## many times 0
## many times. 0
## many times. every week unless i can't and then i rest. 0
## mdata 0
## n/a 0
## na 0
## not always but i go 3 times a week 1
## not anymore 0
## not often 0
## now i don't go to church. 0
## often 0
## once a month 1
## once a month or two months 0
## once a week 3
## once a year 2
## once every 2 years 0
## once every week 0
## once every weekend 0
## once in a week 0
## once in every 2 months 0
## once in every 2 years 0
## sunday weekly 0
## three times 0
## three times in a week. 0
## thrice in a week 0
## twice a week 2
## twice in every week 0
## twice in every week. 0
## two times a week 0
## very often 0
## very often. every sunday 0
## virtually every sunday 0
## weekly 0
## weekly catholic 0
## when i am in school, i go to church every day 0
## yes, once a month 1
## you don't go at all. 0
## ont_ctry_name
## tolower(ont_chfq) US
## . 2
## 0 5
## 1x/week 2
## 2 times a week. 0
## 2 times in a week 0
## 2x/week 1
## 3 times a month 0
## 3 times a week 0
## 3 times in a week 0
## 3 to 4 times a year 0
## 4 times a month 0
## 4 times a week 0
## 4 times in a week 0
## 4,6, 8 times a month 0
## 5 times a week 0
## 5, 6 to 7 times a year 0
## 7 times a week 0
## 8 times a month 0
## a few times in a year 0
## a lot of times 0
## abundant life 1
## cathedral of faith, jubilee church on the hill, catholic churches 1
## catholic 1
## every day 0
## every saturday 0
## every sunday 2
## every sunday, once a week 0
## every week 0
## everyday 0
## everyday in new eden 0
## fante comment 0
## from time to time 0
## i don't usually go 0
## i don't usually go. 0
## i go to jesus divine temple. people popularly call it mountain. 0
## infrequent 0
## infrequent but used to preach a few years ago 0
## it's been long 0
## like five times in a year 0
## lutheran prince of peace 1
## many times 0
## many times. 0
## many times. every week unless i can't and then i rest. 0
## mdata 1
## n/a 12
## na 15
## not always but i go 3 times a week 0
## not anymore 1
## not often 1
## now i don't go to church. 0
## often 0
## once a month 0
## once a month or two months 0
## once a week 0
## once a year 0
## once every 2 years 0
## once every week 0
## once every weekend 0
## once in a week 0
## once in every 2 months 0
## once in every 2 years 0
## sunday weekly 0
## three times 0
## three times in a week. 0
## thrice in a week 0
## twice a week 0
## twice in every week 0
## twice in every week. 0
## two times a week 0
## very often 0
## very often. every sunday 0
## virtually every sunday 0
## weekly 2
## weekly catholic 1
## when i am in school, i go to church every day 0
## yes, once a month 0
## you don't go at all. 0## as.numeric(ont_ses)
## ont_ctry_name -2 -1 0 1 2
## Ecuador_Amazon 0 10 9 1 0
## Ghana 4 17 15 31 3
## Peru_Amazon 13 6 18 1 0
## US 2 13 23 8 1## as.numeric(ont_affr)
## ont_ctry_name 0 1
## Ecuador_Amazon 20 0
## Ghana 23 47
## Peru_Amazon 30 9
## US 5 43Figure 1, Table 2 & Accompanying Analyses
The goal here is to combine confidence and existence scores. The confidence graph above shows people’s confidence ratings regardless of whether they said the object existed or not. So, I will combine them this way: - if they said it doesn’t exist -1 - if they said it does exist 1 - if they said they don’t know *0
This way, a person who said they don’t know if it exists and a person who said it did or didn’t but said they were “not sure” will both get a score of 0. A person who is “very sure” it doesn’t exist will get a score of -3 and a person who is “very sure” it does exist will get a score of 3.
Graphing Figure 1
Models predicting confidence x existence scores by category with separate regressions for each country. The pairwise contrasts here showing scientific vs. supernatural are what make up Table 2.
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(df_ext_usens_conf, ont_ctry_name == "US")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 623.3
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.90811 -0.26981 0.03141 0.27885 2.87739
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.2108 0.4591
## Residual 2.4359 1.5607
## Number of obs: 164, groups: ont_subj, 49
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.9592 0.2324 157.8701 12.733 < 2e-16 ***
## question_typeScientific -0.1837 0.3153 117.5352 -0.583 0.561
## question_typeSupernatural -2.2480 0.3228 120.0307 -6.965 1.89e-10 ***
## question_typeFictional -4.5905 0.4127 137.1724 -11.124 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) qstn_typSc qstn_typSp
## qstn_typScn -0.678
## qstn_typSpr -0.663 0.488
## qstn_typFct -0.518 0.382 0.376## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.184 0.315 113 0.583 0.5614
## Ordinary - Supernatural 2.248 0.323 116 6.962 <.0001
## Ordinary - Fictional 4.590 0.415 134 11.069 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural 2.064 0.323 116 6.393 <.0001
## Scientific - Fictional 4.407 0.415 134 10.626 <.0001
## Supernatural - Fictional 2.343 0.420 132 5.584 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(df_ext_usens_conf, ont_ctry_name == "Ghana")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 987.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.3477 -0.4544 0.2218 0.5644 1.8879
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.1388 0.3726
## Residual 0.8719 0.9338
## Number of obs: 348, groups: ont_subj, 70
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.7571 0.1202 319.5095 22.945 <2e-16 ***
## question_typeScientific -0.3438 0.1452 279.7692 -2.368 0.0186 *
## question_typeSupernatural -0.2845 0.1445 279.0482 -1.969 0.0500 *
## question_typeFictional -1.4857 0.1578 274.6964 -9.413 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) qstn_typSc qstn_typSp
## qstn_typScn -0.714
## qstn_typSpr -0.717 0.588
## qstn_typFct -0.657 0.544 0.546## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.3438 0.145 280 2.368 0.0186
## Ordinary - Supernatural 0.2845 0.145 279 1.968 0.0501
## Ordinary - Fictional 1.4857 0.158 275 9.413 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.0593 0.132 297 -0.450 0.6531
## Scientific - Fictional 1.1419 0.145 280 7.865 <.0001
## Supernatural - Fictional 1.2012 0.145 279 8.309 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(df_ext_usens_conf, ont_ctry_name == "Ecuador_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 283.7
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7683 -0.5352 0.2693 0.6102 2.0039
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.2237 0.4730
## Residual 0.9541 0.9768
## Number of obs: 96, groups: ont_subj, 20
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.6500 0.2427 79.9977 10.920 < 2e-16 ***
## question_typeScientific -0.5152 0.2855 74.0151 -1.804 0.0753 .
## question_typeSupernatural -0.4465 0.2871 73.5156 -1.555 0.1242
## question_typeFictional -1.5790 0.3134 72.8521 -5.038 3.3e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) qstn_typSc qstn_typSp
## qstn_typScn -0.688
## qstn_typSpr -0.685 0.574
## qstn_typFct -0.627 0.532 0.531## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.5152 0.286 74.6 1.802 0.0756
## Ordinary - Supernatural 0.4465 0.287 74.1 1.553 0.1246
## Ordinary - Fictional 1.5790 0.314 73.5 5.036 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.0687 0.266 78.5 -0.259 0.7965
## Scientific - Fictional 1.0639 0.291 75.5 3.650 0.0005
## Supernatural - Fictional 1.1325 0.292 74.3 3.878 0.0002
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(df_ext_usens_conf, ont_ctry_name == "Peru_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 640.5
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.2673 -0.5885 0.3191 0.4445 2.6123
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.03865 0.1966
## Residual 0.73159 0.8553
## Number of obs: 247, groups: ont_subj, 40
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.7500 0.1388 239.5727 19.818 <2e-16 ***
## question_typeScientific -0.1076 0.1748 208.1851 -0.615 0.539
## question_typeSupernatural -0.1367 0.1563 205.0009 -0.874 0.383
## question_typeFictional -2.0389 0.2115 213.8722 -9.639 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) qstn_typSc qstn_typSp
## qstn_typScn -0.754
## qstn_typSpr -0.843 0.669
## qstn_typFct -0.623 0.497 0.553## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.1076 0.175 208 0.615 0.5393
## Ordinary - Supernatural 0.1367 0.156 205 0.874 0.3830
## Ordinary - Fictional 2.0389 0.212 213 9.627 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural 0.0291 0.136 210 0.214 0.8305
## Scientific - Fictional 1.9313 0.197 213 9.821 <.0001
## Supernatural - Fictional 1.9022 0.181 217 10.516 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-rogerModel predicting confidence x existence scores by category pooling across non-US countries. These results show that when you combine all non-US country responses together, the difference between ordinary and supernatural confidence ratings are significant.
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_ctry_name/ont_subj)
## Data: filter(df_ext_usens_conf, ont_ctry_name != "US")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 1924
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.3864 -0.4471 0.2510 0.5377 2.2025
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj:ont_ctry_name (Intercept) 0.113627 0.33709
## ont_ctry_name (Intercept) 0.003539 0.05949
## Residual 0.844475 0.91895
## Number of obs: 691, groups: ont_subj:ont_ctry_name, 130; ont_ctry_name, 3
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.72942 0.09344 3.60849 29.210 2.03e-05 ***
## question_typeScientific -0.29739 0.10470 563.96137 -2.840 0.00467 **
## question_typeSupernatural -0.23851 0.09985 550.18991 -2.389 0.01724 *
## question_typeFictional -1.63053 0.11738 560.02347 -13.891 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) qstn_typSc qstn_typSp
## qstn_typScn -0.664
## qstn_typSpr -0.698 0.618
## qstn_typFct -0.591 0.529 0.551## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.2974 0.1050 569 2.840 0.0047
## Ordinary - Supernatural 0.2385 0.1010 564 2.373 0.0180
## Ordinary - Fictional 1.6305 0.1180 565 13.874 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.0589 0.0903 590 -0.652 0.5144
## Scientific - Fictional 1.3331 0.1080 573 12.292 <.0001
## Supernatural - Fictional 1.3920 0.1060 561 13.190 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-rogerModel predicting confidence x existence scores by category, but only for highest contrast ordinary vs. supernatural items (coffee cups & tables vs. God & demons). These results show that these highest contrasts are significantly different in the US and Ghana, but not in Ecuador and Peru (in Ecuador, our smallest sample size, there are hints that this effect might be found in future similar studies). See Appendix A for full confidence and existence ratings broken down by item, version, and country.
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: df_ext_usens_conf %>% filter(ont_ctry_name == "US", item_code %in%
## c("mug", "tbl", "dem", "god"))
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 374.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.09043 0.01938 0.02299 0.58511 1.29077
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.008797 0.09379
## Residual 3.134276 1.77039
## Number of obs: 94, groups: ont_subj, 49
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.9592 0.2533 91.9994 11.68 < 2e-16 ***
## question_typeSupernatural -2.2481 0.3656 48.9678 -6.15 1.38e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## qstn_typSpr -0.691## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: df_ext_usens_conf %>% filter(ont_ctry_name == "Ghana", item_code %in%
## c("mug", "tbl", "dem", "god"))
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 291.4
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.3442 -0.1527 -0.0012 0.5653 1.7544
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.2286 0.4781
## Residual 0.2804 0.5296
## Number of obs: 140, groups: ont_subj, 70
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.75714 0.08527 114.84211 32.333 < 2e-16 ***
## question_typeSupernatural -0.30000 0.08951 69.00000 -3.352 0.00131 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## qstn_typSpr -0.525## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: df_ext_usens_conf %>% filter(ont_ctry_name == "Ecuador_Amazon",
## item_code %in% c("mug", "tbl", "wen", "god"))
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 106.7
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.0684 -0.3950 0.1042 0.7610 1.1422
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.2511 0.5011
## Residual 0.6754 0.8218
## Number of obs: 39, groups: ont_subj, 20
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.6500 0.2152 34.6335 12.312 3.32e-14 ***
## question_typeSupernatural -0.5397 0.2642 18.9685 -2.043 0.0552 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## qstn_typSpr -0.594## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: conf_dir ~ question_type + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: df_ext_usens_conf %>% filter(ont_ctry_name == "Peru_Amazon",
## item_code %in% c("taz", "tbl", "oni", "god"))
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 125.4
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.2867 0.4317 0.4317 0.4471 0.7038
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.01877 0.1370
## Residual 0.25314 0.5031
## Number of obs: 79, groups: ont_subj, 40
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.750000 0.082449 76.628610 33.354 <2e-16 ***
## question_typeSupernatural -0.007738 0.113272 38.128326 -0.068 0.946
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr)
## qstn_typSpr -0.678Figure 2 & Accompanying Analyses
Models predicting “Can people communicate with X?” responses by category. The pairwise contrasts from these models are reported in the manuscript under the section “Additional Questions Reflect Differences in Epistemic Frames”
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_comm, ont_ctry_name == "US")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 262
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.9138 -0.6348 -0.1107 0.6635 2.5365
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.08442 0.2905
## Residual 0.12076 0.3475
## Number of obs: 244, groups: ont_subj, 49
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.36735 0.06471 142.69707 5.677 7.4e-08 ***
## categoryScientific -0.03998 0.06510 193.23170 -0.614 0.540
## categoryFictional -0.10204 0.07021 191.90328 -1.453 0.148
## categorySupernatural 0.28896 0.06399 193.08577 4.515 1.1e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.585
## catgryFctnl -0.542 0.539
## ctgrySprntr -0.595 0.581 0.549## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 0.0400 0.0651 193 0.614 0.5399
## Ordinary - Fictional 0.1020 0.0702 192 1.453 0.1477
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.2890 0.0640 193 -4.515 <.0001
## Scientific - Fictional 0.0621 0.0651 193 0.953 0.3417
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.3289 0.0591 198 -5.564 <.0001
## Fictional - Supernatural -0.3910 0.0640 193 -6.109 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_comm, ont_ctry_name == "Ghana")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 131.2
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.94583 -0.33207 -0.08662 0.63525 2.97487
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.006527 0.08079
## Residual 0.075654 0.27505
## Number of obs: 350, groups: ont_subj, 70
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.02143 0.03426 337.26679 0.625 0.532
## categoryScientific 0.03737 0.04253 282.33502 0.879 0.380
## categoryFictional 0.24286 0.04649 277.00891 5.224 3.45e-07 ***
## categorySupernatural 0.78644 0.04253 282.33502 18.492 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.742
## catgryFctnl -0.678 0.547
## ctgrySprntr -0.742 0.593 0.547## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific -0.0374 0.0425 282 -0.879 0.3804
## Ordinary - Fictional -0.2429 0.0465 277 -5.224 <.0001
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.7864 0.0425 282 -18.486 <.0001
## Scientific - Fictional -0.2055 0.0425 282 -4.830 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.7491 0.0384 302 -19.501 <.0001
## Fictional - Supernatural -0.5436 0.0425 282 -12.777 <.0001
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_comm, ont_ctry_name == "Ecuador_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 61.5
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6608 -0.2785 -0.1655 0.5305 2.9256
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.001555 0.03944
## Residual 0.102169 0.31964
## Number of obs: 90, groups: ont_subj, 20
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.05000 0.07202 85.91024 0.694 0.489
## categoryScientific 0.03612 0.09295 71.44265 0.389 0.699
## categoryFictional 0.78346 0.10389 71.05523 7.541 1.18e-10 ***
## categorySupernatural 0.68932 0.09782 73.01647 7.047 8.52e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.763
## catgryFctnl -0.683 0.529
## ctgrySprntr -0.725 0.562 0.503## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific -0.0361 0.0931 69.4 -0.388 0.6993
## Ordinary - Fictional -0.7835 0.1040 68.9 -7.533 <.0001
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.6893 0.0981 71.1 -7.024 <.0001
## Scientific - Fictional -0.7473 0.0963 71.1 -7.759 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.6532 0.0901 75.0 -7.248 <.0001
## Fictional - Supernatural 0.0941 0.1010 72.1 0.931 0.3548
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_comm, ont_ctry_name == "Peru_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 245.5
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.45840 -1.11107 -0.01983 1.14905 2.42631
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.003096 0.05564
## Residual 0.147084 0.38352
## Number of obs: 248, groups: ont_subj, 40
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -3.001e-16 6.127e-02 2.433e+02 0.000 1.000
## categoryScientific 1.601e-02 7.833e-02 2.090e+02 0.204 0.838
## categoryFictional 4.277e-01 9.368e-02 2.145e+02 4.565 8.39e-06 ***
## categorySupernatural 5.419e-01 7.010e-02 2.053e+02 7.731 4.68e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.766
## catgryFctnl -0.641 0.502
## ctgrySprntr -0.856 0.670 0.560## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific -0.016 0.0784 209 -0.204 0.8384
## Ordinary - Fictional -0.428 0.0938 215 -4.560 <.0001
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.542 0.0701 206 -7.731 <.0001
## Scientific - Fictional -0.412 0.0870 215 -4.733 <.0001
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.526 0.0608 212 -8.644 <.0001
## Fictional - Supernatural -0.114 0.0797 218 -1.433 0.1533
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-rogerFigure 3 & Accompanying Analyses
Models predicting “Can X be experienced by anyone or only by specific people?” responses by category. The pairwise contrasts from these models are reported in the manuscript under the section “Additional Questions Reflect Differences in Epistemic Frames”
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_spec, ont_ctry_name == "US")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 220.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.9216 -0.7635 -0.2711 -0.2271 2.4120
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.002358 0.04856
## Residual 0.139782 0.37387
## Number of obs: 234, groups: ont_subj, 49
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.102041 0.053859 229.724066 1.895 0.05940 .
## categoryScientific -0.002248 0.069678 189.097447 -0.032 0.97429
## categoryFictional 0.197425 0.077221 187.294488 2.557 0.01136 *
## categorySupernatural 0.197507 0.069704 192.401201 2.834 0.00509 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.760
## catgryFctnl -0.686 0.530
## ctgrySprntr -0.760 0.586 0.531## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific 2.25e-03 0.0697 188 0.032 0.9743
## Ordinary - Fictional -1.97e-01 0.0772 186 -2.556 0.0114
## Ordinary - Supernatural -1.98e-01 0.0698 191 -2.831 0.0051
## Scientific - Fictional -2.00e-01 0.0716 194 -2.788 0.0058
## Scientific - Supernatural -2.00e-01 0.0636 210 -3.139 0.0019
## Fictional - Supernatural -8.18e-05 0.0715 188 -0.001 0.9991
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_spec, ont_ctry_name == "Ecuador_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 66.1
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.17331 -0.34012 -0.19720 -0.01107 2.76448
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.003315 0.05757
## Residual 0.103822 0.32221
## Number of obs: 93, groups: ont_subj, 20
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.938e-17 7.319e-02 8.861e+01 0.000 1.000000
## categoryScientific 7.054e-02 9.447e-02 7.282e+01 0.747 0.457679
## categoryFictional 1.060e-01 1.033e-01 7.081e+01 1.027 0.308029
## categorySupernatural 3.470e-01 9.597e-02 7.287e+01 3.615 0.000549 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.751
## catgryFctnl -0.687 0.532
## ctgrySprntr -0.739 0.571 0.524## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific -0.0705 0.0947 72.9 -0.745 0.4587
## Ordinary - Fictional -0.1060 0.1030 70.9 -1.026 0.3083
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.3470 0.0962 72.9 -3.606 0.0006
## Scientific - Fictional -0.0355 0.0963 74.2 -0.368 0.7136
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.2764 0.0891 80.2 -3.103 0.0026
## Fictional - Supernatural -0.2409 0.0977 73.2 -2.467 0.0160
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-roger## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula: response ~ category + (1 | ont_subj)
## Data: filter(data_long_spec, ont_ctry_name == "Peru_Amazon")
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 250.4
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.79931 -0.72533 -0.66887 0.03252 2.27273
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj (Intercept) 0.001803 0.04247
## Residual 0.154486 0.39305
## Number of obs: 243, groups: ont_subj, 40
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.852e-17 6.251e-02 2.388e+02 0.000 1.000000
## categoryScientific 2.796e-01 8.054e-02 2.062e+02 3.471 0.000631 ***
## categoryFictional 1.064e-01 9.694e-02 2.116e+02 1.098 0.273642
## categorySupernatural 2.931e-01 7.207e-02 2.017e+02 4.066 6.85e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) ctgrySc ctgryF
## ctgryScntfc -0.767
## catgryFctnl -0.637 0.495
## ctgrySprntr -0.857 0.665 0.553## contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
## Ordinary - Scientific -0.2796 0.0806 206 -3.469 0.0006
## Ordinary - Fictional -0.1064 0.0971 211 -1.096 0.2743
## Ordinary - Supernatural -0.2931 0.0721 201 -4.066 0.0001
## Scientific - Fictional 0.1732 0.0904 212 1.915 0.0568
## Scientific - Supernatural -0.0135 0.0629 208 -0.214 0.8304
## Fictional - Supernatural -0.1867 0.0830 215 -2.248 0.0256
##
## Degrees-of-freedom method: kenward-rogerFigure 4
Can __ be sensed? This combines across all sensory questions for each item. The items differed from country to country and version to version. But almost all contain the questions: see, hear, smell, touch, feel. Many but not all also had a taste question.
Figure 5
Table 3 & Accompanying Analyses
Models predicting confidence x existence scores with consensus and sensory experience scores. The results are reported in Table 3 in the manuscript
## Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [
## lmerModLmerTest]
## Formula:
## conf_dir ~ consensus_excl_self + usens_response + (1 | ont_ctry_name/ont_subj)
## Data: df_ext_usens_conf
##
## REML criterion at convergence: 2134.2
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.2610 -0.4330 0.0861 0.3859 3.9757
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## ont_subj:ont_ctry_name (Intercept) 0.132745 0.36434
## ont_ctry_name (Intercept) 0.009728 0.09863
## Residual 1.040922 1.02026
## Number of obs: 714, groups: ont_subj:ont_ctry_name, 177; ont_ctry_name, 4
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error df t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.92816 0.21417 76.07243 -13.672 <2e-16 ***
## consensus_excl_self 5.00615 0.22733 354.91570 22.022 <2e-16 ***
## usens_response 0.78817 0.09002 688.50272 8.756 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Correlation of Fixed Effects:
## (Intr) cnsn__
## cnsnss_xcl_ -0.900
## usens_rspns -0.099 -0.197| Regression Results: Effects of Consensus and Sensory Evidence on Confidence | |||
| Characteristic | Beta | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | -2.9 | -3.4, -2.5 | <0.001 |
| consensus_excl_self | 5.0 | 4.6, 5.5 | <0.001 |
| usens_response | 0.79 | 0.61, 0.96 | <0.001 |
| Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval | |||
Appendix A: Responses by object, version, and country
Existence
US
Ghana
Ecuador
Peru
Confidence
US
Ghana
Ecuador
Peru
Communication
US
Ghana
Ecuador
Peru
Special People
US
Ghana
This question was not asked in Ghana
Ecuador
Peru
Can X be sensed?
US
Ghana
Ecuador
Peru
Have you ever sensed X?
US
Ghana
Ecuador
Have YOU sensed X?
Peru
